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| 1953 |
| | | Improved methods of testing prove conclusively that Piltdown Man was constructed by Charles Dawson from a human skull and the jaw of an ape | |
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| 1953 |
| | | Molecular biologists Francis Crick and James Watson announce their discovery of the double-helix structure of DNA | |
|  | Uncle Sam and John Bull knitting DNA, 1990
Wellcome Library, London
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| c. 1955 |
| | | Archaeologists at Olympia excavate the workshop of the Greek classical sculptor Phidias | |
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| 1957 |
| | | Fred Hoyle, William Fowler, and Margaret and Geoffrey Burbidge explain stellar nucleosynthesis | |
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| 1957 |
| | | In Syntactic Structures Noam Chomsky proposes the revolutionary theory that humans inherit an innate universal grammar | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The USSR launches Sputnik, the world's first artificial satellite | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The success of the USSR in launching Sputnik prompts the establishment of NASA in the USA | |
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| 1957 |
| | | The Russian spacecraft Sputnik II puts into space a living creature, the dog Laika | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Soviet spacecraft Luna 1 goes into orbit round the sun, between the orbits of Earth and Mars | |
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| 1959 |
| | | Mary Leakey finds in the Olduvai Gorge the first specimen of a new hominid species, now known as Australopithecus Boisei | |
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